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Martello towers are small defensive Fortification that were built across the British Empire during the 19th century, from the time of the French Revolutionary Wars onwards. Most were coastal forts.
They stand up to high (with two floors) and typically had a garrison of one officer and 15–25 men. Their round structure and thick walls of solid masonry made them resistant to cannon fire, while their height made them an ideal platform for a single heavy artillery piece, mounted on the flat roof and able to traverse, and hence fire, over a complete 360° circle. A few towers had moats or other batteries and works attached for extra defence.
The Martello towers were used during the first half of the 19th century, but became obsolete with the introduction of powerful rifled artillery. Many have survived to the present day, often preserved as historic monuments.
Since the 15th century, the Corsicans had built similar towers at strategic points around the island to protect coastal villages and shipping from North African piracy. The towers stood one or two storeys high and measured in diameter, with a single doorway five metres off the ground that one could access only via a ladder that the occupants could remove.Abram (2003), p. 103.
Local villagers paid for the towers and watchmen, known as torregiani, who would signal the approach of unexpected ships by lighting a beacon fire on the tower's roof. The fire would alert the local defence forces to the threat. Although the pirate threat subsequently dwindled, the Genoese built a newer generation of circular towers (the ), that warded off later foreign raids.
On 7 February 1794 as part of the siege of Saint-Florent, two British warships, (74 guns) and (32 guns), unsuccessfully attacked the tower at Mortella Point; the tower eventually fell to land-based forces under Sir John Moore after two days of heavy fighting. The British forces were helped by the fact that the tower's two 18-pounder guns fired seaward, while only the one 6-pounder could fire landward.
Vice-Admiral Lord Hood reported:
Late in the previous year, the tower's French defenders had abandoned it after (32 guns) had fired two broadsides at it. The British removed the guns to arm a small vessel; consequently, the French were easily able to dislodge the garrison of Corsican patriots that had replaced them.Sutcliffe (1973). Still, the British were impressed by the effectiveness of the tower when properly supplied and defended, and copied the design. But they got the name wrong, misspelling "Mortella" as "Martello" (which means "hammer" in Italian). When the British withdrew from Corsica in 1803, with great difficulty they Slighting, leaving it in an unusable state.
The interior of a classic British Martello tower consisted of two storeys (sometimes with an additional basement). The ground floor served as the magazine and storerooms, where ammunition, water, stores and provisions were kept. The garrison of 24 men and one officer lived in a casemate on the first floor, which was divided into several rooms and had fireplaces built into the walls for cooking and heating.Ciucevich (2005), pp. 19–21. The officer and men lived in separate rooms of almost equal size. A well or cistern within the fort supplied the garrison with water. An internal drainage system linked to the roof enabled rainwater to refill the cistern.
The French built similar towers along their own coastline that they used as platforms for communication by optical telegraphs (using the Claude Chappe). The United States government also built a number of Martello towers along the east coast of the US that copied the British design with some modifications.
This is most clearly visible on the south and east coasts of England and the east coast of Ireland, where chains of Martello towers were built. Elsewhere in the world, individual Martello towers were erected to provide point defence of strategic locations.
Included in the scheme were three much larger circular forts or that were constructed at Harwich Redoubt, Dymchurch and Eastbourne; they acted as supply depots for the smaller towers as well as being powerful fortifications in their own right.
The effectiveness of Britain's Martello towers was never actually tested in combat against a Napoleonic invasion fleet. They were, however, effective in hindering smuggling.Daly (2007), p.34. After the threat had passed, the Martello towers in England met a variety of fates. The Coastguard took over many to aid in the fight against smuggling.
Fifteen towers were demolished to enable the re-use of their masonry. The sea washed thirty away and the military destroyed four in experiments to test the effectiveness of the new rifled artillery. During the Second World War, some Martello towers returned to military service as observation platforms and firing platforms for anti-aircraft artillery.
Forty-seven Martello towers have survived in England, a few of which have been restored and transformed into museums (e.g., the towers at St Osyth and Seaford), visitor centres, and galleries (such as Jaywick Martello Tower). Some are privately owned or are private residences, The remainder are derelict. A survey of the East Coast towers in 2007 found of the 17 remaining, most were in a reasonable condition.Millward (2007), 173–184.
Many remaining Martello Towers are now .
A fuller list of British towers, with photographs, is available.
Two towers were then built at Hackness and Crockness, near Longhope in Orkney. They were constructed between 1813 and 1815 to guard against the threat of French and American raiders attacking assembling offshore. Historic Scotland now operates the Hackness tower as a museum.
Possibly the most famous is the Martello tower in Sandycove, near Dún Laoghaire, in which James Joyce lived for a few days. Joyce shared the tower with Oliver St. John Gogarty, then a medical student but later to become famous in Irish history as a surgeon, politician and writer. In Ulysses, the fictional character Stephen Dedalus lives in the tower with a medical student, Malachi "Buck" Mulligan, whom Joyce based on Gogarty. The James Joyce Tower, as the tower is now known, houses a museum dedicated to Joyce.
A number of other Martello towers are extant nearby at Bullock Harbour, Dalkey Island, Williamstown, Seapoint and Sandymount and Martello towers feature in many literary works set in Dublin. During the 1980s, Bono owned the Martello tower in Bray, County Wicklow.
Martello Tower South No.7, on Tara Hill, Killiney Bay, is unique, as is its location as an enfilading tower. The Tower is privately owned and has been fully restored, to include a proofed, working King George 3rd Blomefield 18-pounder cannon mounted on a traversing carriage on the crown of the Tower. There is a three-gun battery below the tower, with a glacis. There is also a coach house, artillery store, tool shed, and gunner's cottage, with resident gunner and gunpowder store. The battery, while restored, remains to be armed and the coach house and artillery store still require some restoration.
On the north side of Dublin, one can find Martello towers in Balbriggan, Shenick Island and Red Island at Skerries, Drumanagh, Rush, Tower Bay in Portrane, Donabate, Malahide (Hicks tower owned by Tony Quinn), Portmarnock, Ireland's Eye, Howth, and Sutton.
There were seven Martello towers in the vicinity of Cork Harbour of which five are extant. During the 19th century Fenian Rising, the famous Captain Mackey briefly captured and held the Monning Martello tower near Fota Island in Cork Harbour; this tower is believed to have been the only Martello tower ever captured, other than the original. The other Cork Harbour towers are at Ringaskiddy, Haulbowline Island (now part of the Irish Naval Service HQ) and at Belvelly and Rossleague on the Great Island (near Cobh). There are also Martello towers at Little Island and Rostellan, though these are no longer intact.
The British built two Martello towers on the Hook Peninsula to protect the fort near Duncannon, County Wexford and the entrance to Waterford Harbour. There is a third tower on the headland at Baginbun Bay in County Wexford.
One of the most interesting Martello towers is Meelick Martello Tower at Clonahenoge, County Offaly, guarding the River Shannon river crossing to Meelick, County Galway. As this tower supports three guns (unlike the normal Martello tower which is circular on plan and carries only one gun), it is cam shaped on plan. Currently a rampant growth of ivy covers the tower.
The tower at Seapoint, County Dublin, which was the property of Blackrock Urban District Council, was formerly the clubhouse of the Seapoint Boat Club from 1916 to 1931,Seapoint Boat Club archives at the LexIcon library, Dun Laoghaire, County Dublin and was subsequently the headquarters of the Genealogical Society of Ireland (GSI). The GSI vacated the tower when it found that the atmosphere was not conducive to the preservation of records.
The restored tower at Ilnacullin is a feature of an island garden in Glengarriff, County Cork. Several other towers are still extant, including one at Rathmullan in County Donegal and two in County Clare on the south coast of Galway Bay in the townlands of Finavarra Tower and Aughinish Tower. There is also an extant Martello tower located near the settlement of Magilligan in County Londonderry, built between 1812 and 1871 to defend against a possible French invasion during the Napoleonic Wars; it is now a visitor attraction.
A Martello-like tower was built on Achill Island, according to local memory during the Napoleonic Wars. It is square rather than round, unlike the traditional Martello tower. This tower is known locally as the Gabhla Fhranca ("French Tower") or the Napoleonic Tower. It is marked on an 1838 Ordnance Survey chart and denoted "Signal Tower", suggesting it was used with a series of other stations for communication. The tower's position offers a view of the sea both to the north and south of the island and is therefore well-suited for that purpose. By the 1830s the tower was described as a "watch-house of the coast-guard."
It is attached to what remains of the pre-existing fort. The tower mounted three cannon, and in all the fort mounted ten cannons, none of which remain. The tower is the highest building on Barbuda and serves as a daymark from land or sea. Today the fort is a popular location for weddings.
Fortification of the island began in 1841 but was not completed. The construction had begun following an 1839 night-time incursion into Sydney Harbour by two American warships. Concern with the threat of foreign attack had caused the government to review the harbour's inner defences, which were found to be inadequate, and the establishment of a fort was recommended to help protect Sydney Harbour from attack by foreign vessels. Construction resumed in 1855 to provide Sydney with protection against the threat of a naval attack by the during the Crimean War of the 1850s. However, construction was completed only in 1857, well after the war had ended. Fort Denison is well preserved and is now a popular tourist attraction.
Like its predecessors in the UK, it has an ovoid footprint with the thickness of its walls ranging from nine to 11 feet. It is surrounded by a dry moat. The tower's purpose was to defend the Ferry Reach Channel and so impede any attack on St. George's Island from the main island of Bermuda, and attacking vessels from slipping through Castle Harbour and the channel between Ferry Reach and Coney Island. The main channel by which vessels reach most parts of Bermuda west of St. George's, including the Royal Naval Dockyard, on Ireland, the Great Sound, Hamilton Harbour, The Flatts, Murray's Anchorage, and other important sites, carries them around the east ends of St. David's and St. George's Islands, where the coastal artillery was always most heavily concentrated. Two more Martello towers to protect the Dockyard were planned, but never built.
The tower was restored in 2008 and an 18-pounder cannon brought from Fort St. Catherine was mounted on top. The site is open to the public from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. Monday to Friday in the summer and in the winter by appointment only, by calling the Parks Department. It is part of the Bermuda Railway Trail.
Quebec City originally had four Martello towers. Tower No. 1 stands on the Plains of Abraham, overlooking the St Lawrence River. It has been restored as a museum and can be visited during the summer months. Tower no. 2 stands close nearby and currently hosts activities for private groups. Tower No. 3 was demolished in 1905 after being used as a residence. The McKenzie Memorial Building of Jeffery Hale Hospital now occupies the site. The fourth surviving Martello Tower in Quebec, No. 4, is located in a residential area on the north side of the Upper City overlooking Lower Town. It is now used as an escape game tourist activity by The National Battlefields Commission.
Halifax, Nova Scotia, had five towers, the oldest of which, the Prince of Wales Tower located in Point Pleasant Park, is the oldest Martello-style tower in North America. It was built in 1796 and was used as a redoubt and a powder magazine. Restored, it is now a National Heritage site. The Duke of York Martello Tower was built in 1798 at York Redoubt. Its lower level still stands, though it has been boarded up for conservation purposes. The Duke of Clarence Martello Tower stood on the Dartmouth shore. Sherbrooke Martello Tower stood opposite York Redoubt on McNabs Island; it was demolished in 1944 and replaced by a concrete lighthouse at Maughers Beach. Another Martello tower stood on Georges Island.
Four Martello towers were built at Kingston, Ontario to defend its harbour and naval shipyards in response to the Oregon Crisis. Their builders intended for the towers to serve as redoubts against marine attacks. Murney Tower and the tower at Point Frederick (at the Royal Military College of Canada) are now museums that are open during the summer.
Fort Frederick has the most elaborate defences as it includes earthen ramparts and a limestone curtain wall. The Shoal Tower, the only tower completely surrounded by water, stands in Kingston's Confederation Basin. Since 2005, it is open to the public as part of Doors Open Ontario for one day only in June each year. Cathcart Tower, the fourth tower, stands unused on Cedar Island near Point Henry.
Carleton Martello Tower, overlooking the harbour of Saint John, New Brunswick, is now a museum and a National Historic Site.
The Canadian Press reported on 16 April 2006 that the Canadian military has named a Forward Operating Base (FOB) in Afghanistan FOB Martello. The logo of the International Hockey Hall of Fame and Museum in Kingston, Ontario, features a Martello tower. Since the amalgamation of the Township of Kingston in 2000, the city's flag has also borne a Martello tower.
In addition, there are a number of earlier towers in Guernsey (the Guernsey loophole towers), that many people refer to as Martello towers, though they are not Martellos. They were built in the late 18th century, i.e., before the Martellos, and differ from them in a number of ways. One may think of them as precursors, like the they resemble.
Lastly, Bréhon Tower, built in 1856, is an oval tower that represents the final evolution of the Martello tower.Clements (1998), pp. 133 & 135.
Other towers were built at Onrust, Kuiper (Cipir), and Kerkhof (Kelor) islands. All four were demolished in part or in whole after the advent of rifled guns made them obsolete.
The Sicilian Martello towers were built around 1810. The estimate rests on the historical context and on the descriptions of the topographer W.H. Smyth, who carried out his research in 1814 and 1815. Of the seven towers built in Sicily, only four remain. One is the Mazzone Tower (or the British Fort) at Faro Point, Messina. The second is the Magnisi tower at Priolo Gargallo, Syracuse. The Italian Navy used this tower as an observation post during the Second World War. Third is the Cariddi tower at Ganzirri in Messina. Lastly, the fourth tower is situated on a rocky outcrop overlooking the sea from where it can defend the Castello Maniace in Syracuse.
In addition, there are a number of towers in Jersey (the Jersey Round Towers), that are frequently referred to as Martello towers, though they are not Martellos. They were built in the late 18th century, i.e., before the Martellos, and differ from them in a number of ways. One may think of them as precursors, like the Genoese towers they resemble.
That said, Vice Admiral George Elphinstone, who commanded the force that captured the colony and then served briefly as its governor, had served with the Mediterranean fleet off Corsica in 1794. The British built the tower at Fort Beaufort in 1837, and it is probably the only example of an inland Martello tower.
The British built five towers to protect Mahón: Phillipet on Lazareto Island, Cala Taulera (St. Clair) and Los Freus (Erskine) on the peninsula of La Mola, Stuart's Tower, and a tower on the Punta de Sant Carlos, which the Spanish destroyed when they took regained possession of Menorca. To the northwest of Mahón the British built two more towers, Sa Torreta and Sa Mezquita.
One tower, the Princess Tower, or the Erskine Tower, was incorporated into the Fortress of Isabel II, built between 1850 and 1875. The tower was converted to a powder magazine, which led to its destruction in 1958, when lightning struck the tower. The explosion destroyed the tower, blowing out large sections of its walls.
The British erected Stuart's Tower in 1798 on Turks Hill or Hangman's Hill to the south of the port of Mahón at San Esteban or Saint Stephen's bay on the southern side of the Fortress of San Felipe. In 1756 and again in 1781, batteries on the hill had supported successful attacks on the Fortress. The tower was built both to secure the hill and protect the entrance to the bay. The tower's name was later changed to Torre d'en Penjat, or Hangman's Tower.
To protect the harbor of Fornells, the British built a tower on the rocky headland overlooking the harbor's mouth, and a small tower on the island of Sargantana. They complemented these two towers with two more small towers nearby, one at Sa Nitsa and one at Addaya.
Lastly, the British built one tower at Santandria to protect the old capital of Ciutadella.
In addition to the 12 towers that they built, the British made use of three towers that the Spanish had built earlier.Grundy (1991). In 1781, Captain Francisco Fernandez de Angulo had built towers south of Port Mahon at Punta Prima and Alcufar, based on the design of those that the Spanish had built in Gando, Gran Canaria, in 1740. At Ciutadella the British used the St. Nicholas's Tower, built in 1690. The Treaty of Amiens returned Menorca to Spain in 1802. Around 1804, the Spanish built a tower at Punta Na Radona to protect the beach at Son Bou, Menorca. In 1808, Captain Lord Cochrane, commanding the 38-gun fifth-rate sailing frigate , sent ashore a landing party that destroyed the unarmed tower. (Frederick Marryat, later a naval captain and author, was serving as a midshipman aboard Imperieuse at the time.) (This fort has 17 walls.)
There are also four towers on the island of Formentera, and one on the nearby island of Espalmador ().
tower was erected by English troops stationed in the fortress of Cartagena, during the Peninsular War. The tower was erected in the center of 1799 fort, in mount St. Julian, dominating port and mouth. In the summer of 1812 English engineers destroyed the fort and erected a tower:
The later constructions that gave rise to the present fortress of San Julián is still in good condition and is used as a base for telephone aerials and antennas. The interior, which is only accessible to technicians, is supposedly well preserved.
Although the Americans copied the design from the towers the British erected in Canada, the American Martello towers differed in some significant respects from the British. The Martello tower built at Tybee Island, Georgia was constructed around 1815 utilizing wood and tabby concrete, a common local building material at the time, instead of the brick or stone that the British towers used. Also, unlike the British towers, the Tybee tower featured embrasure on the garrison floor that enabled to be fired through the walls. It was never tested in battle and by the time of the American Civil War was in a state of disrepair. Its unfamiliar design confused local writers, who often said that the Spanish had built the tower when Georgia was Spain's colony.
The Key West towers, though the locals refer to them as Martellos, were square instead of round and had thin walls with long gun loops. In addition, a curtain wall of heavy guns encircled the Key West towers making them, effectively, keeps instead of standalone towers.
A Martello tower figures in the arms of the 41st Infantry Regiment of the United States Army.
| Australia | Sydney | Fort Denison | 1856 | Museum, harbour light station. |
| Barbuda | Near Palmetto Point | River Fort Martello Tower | ||
| Bermuda | Ferry Reach | 1823–1828 | Can be visited | |
| British Virgin Islands | Tortola | Fort Recovery | Private (hotel) | |
| Canada | Point Pleasant Park, Nova Scotia | Prince of Wales's Tower | 1796 | Open to public |
| Canada | Halifax, Nova Scotia | Duke of York's Tower | c.1798 | Lower levels still exist. Site partially boarded off, can be visited |
| Canada | Halifax, Nova Scotia | Duke of Clarence's Tower | c.1798 | Demolished prior to 1900 |
| Canada | Kingston, Ontario | Fort Frederick | 1846/7 | Museum |
| Canada | Kingston, Ontario | Murney Tower | 1846 | Museum |
| Canada | Kingston, Ontario | Shoal Tower | 1846 | Closed to Public |
| Canada | Kingston, Ontario | Cathcart Tower | 1846 | Closed to Public |
| Canada | Quebec City, Quebec | Tower #1 | 1808–1812 | Museum |
| Canada | Quebec City, Quebec | Tower #2 | 1808–1812 | Open for group activities through National Battlefields Commission |
| Canada | Quebec City, Quebec | Tower #3 | 1808–1812 | Destroyed |
| Canada | Quebec City, Quebec | Tower #4 | 1808–1812 | Tourist activity - Escape game |
| Canada | Saint John, New Brunswick | Carleton Martello Tower | 1815 | Museum |
| Croatia | Korčula | Forteca Korčula (Fort Wellington) | 1813 | Deserted, accessible to hikers |
| India | Arnala fort | Hanumant Bastion | c. 1530s | Deserted and Dilapidated. |
| Ireland | Achill Island | Gabhla Fhranca | c. 1803–1815 | Partially collapsed but accessible to hikers |
| Ireland | Aughinish | Aughinish Tower | 1811 | Private residence |
| Ireland | Banagher | Meelick Martello Tower | Private residence | |
| Ireland | Drogheda | Millmount Fort | c. 1808 | Extant |
| Ireland | Balbriggan | North No. 12 | 1804–05 | Extant |
| Ireland | Skerries, Red Island | North No. 11 | 1804–05 | Extant |
| Ireland | Skerries, Shenick Island | North No. 10 | 1804–05 | Extant |
| Ireland | Drumanagh | North No. 9 | 1804–05 | Extant |
| Ireland | Rush | North No. 8 | 1804–05 | Extant |
| Ireland | Portrane, Tower Bay | North No. 7 | 1804–05 | Private residence |
| Ireland | Donabate, Balcarrick | North No. 6 | 1804–05 | Extant |
| Ireland | Malahide, Robswall | North No. 5, Hicks Tower | 1804–05 | Private residence |
| Ireland | Portmarnock, Carrickhill | North No. 4 | 1804–05 | Private residence |
| Ireland | Ireland's Eye | North No. 3 | 1804–05 | Extant |
| Ireland | Howth, Harbour Rd. | North No. 2 | 1804–05 | Ye Olde Hurdy Gurdy Museum of Vintage Radio |
| Ireland | Sutton South | North No. 1 | 1804–05 | Private residence |
| Ireland | Sandymount | South No. 16 | 1804–05 | Extant |
| Ireland | Williamstown | South No. 15 | 1804–05 | Extant |
| Ireland | Seapoint | South No. 14 | 1804–05 | Restored. Exhibition on the history of Dublin's Martello Towers. Guided tours during the summer months |
| Ireland | Kingstown Harbour, West Pier | South No. 13 | 1804–05 | Tower & battery, both demolished 1836 during extension of Dublin & Kingstown Railway |
| Ireland | Dún Laoghaire, site of present-day Peoples Park | South No. 12 | 1804–05 | |
| Ireland | Sandycove | South No. 11, James Joyce's Martello tower | 1804–05 | James Joyce Tower and Museum |
| Ireland | Bulloch Harbour | South No. 10 | 1804–05 | Private residence |
| Ireland | Dalkey Island | South No. 9 | 1804–05 | Extant |
| Ireland | Killiney, south end of Strathmore Road | South No. 8 | 1804–05 | Site of battery, not tower |
| Ireland | Killiney, Tara Hill | South No. 7 | 1804–05 | Fully restored |
| Ireland | Killiney, beach | South No. 6, Enoch's Tower | 1804–05 | Private residence |
| Ireland | Shanganagh | South No. 5 | 1804–05 | Site of battery, not tower |
| Ireland | Shanganagh, Mahera Point | South No. 4 | 1804–05 | Lost to coastal erosion |
| Ireland | Bray, Corke Abbey | South No. 3 | 1804–05 | Lost to coastal erosion |
| Ireland | Bray harbour | South No. 2 | 1804–05 | Private residence |
| Ireland | Bray beach | South No. 1 | 1804–05 | Demolished 1884, when Esplanade constructed |
| Ireland | Ilnacullin | Tower and gardens open to public (access by boat from Glengarriff) | ||
| Ireland | Bere Island, Cloughland | |||
| Ireland | Bere Island, Ardagh | |||
| Ireland | Finavarra | Finavarra Tower | 1816 | Open to public |
| Ireland | Ringaskiddy, Cork Harbour | |||
| Ireland | Haulbowline Island, Cork Harbour | Museum, owned by Irish Navy | ||
| Ireland | Fota Island, Cork Harbour | Monning Tower | ||
| Ireland | Rossleague, Cobh | |||
| Ireland | Belvelly, Cobh | Private residence | ||
| Ireland | Lough Swilly | Macamish Fort | ||
| Ireland | Lough Foyle | Greencastle Tower | Extended to a Fort completed in 1812. Restaurant | |
| Ireland | Lough Foyle | Magilligan Tower | Restored | |
| Ireland | Loughshinny | |||
| Ireland | Rathmullan | |||
| Ireland | Rossaveal | |||
| Italy | Messina | Cariddi's Tower or Tower of Ganzirri | 1810? | Closed to public |
| Italy | Mazzone's Tower or Tower of British Fort | 1810? | ||
| Italy | Priolo Gargallo | Torre di Magnisi | 1810? | Can be visited |
| Italy | Syracuse | Castello Maniace | 1810? | Open to public |
| Jamaica | Kingston | Fort Nugent | 1808–11? | |
| Liberia | Monrovia | Fort Stockton | 1822 | since 1822, August under construction, later named as coast battery Fort Hill |
| Malta | Madliena, Pembroke | Madliena Tower | 1658 | Intact, recently restored |
| Mauritius | Grand River North West | Pointe aux Sables | 1832–35 | abandoned but no fences, entrance still on second story |
| Mauritius | Grand River North West | Fort Victoria | 1832–35 | Last mentioned 1880 |
| Mauritius | Grande-Rivière-Noire | L'Harmonie | 1832–35 | Ruined (now a national monument) |
| Mauritius | Black River | La Preneuse | 1832–35 | Museum |
| Mauritius | Fort George, Port Louis | Cunningham Tower | 1832–35 | Disappeared after 1914. |
| Sierra Leone | Freetown | Tower Hill Martello Tower | 1805 | Part of Parliament Buildings |
| South Africa | Fort Beaufort | 1839–46 | ||
| South Africa | Simon's Town | 1795/6 | At the Naval Base. Houses a small museum. | |
| South Africa | Cape Town | Craig's Tower | 1795/6 | Demolished late 19th century |
| Sri Lanka | Hambantota | 1801–03 | ||
| Trinidad and Tobago | Port of Spain | Fort Picton | 1801 | Abandoned by 1810. |
| United States | Lake Borgne, Louisiana | Tower Dupre | 1830? | Hexagonal; originally built on shore, from water, near Bayou Dupre's entrance to Lake Borgne; for much of the twentieth century was private fishing camp;Codman Parkerson, New Orleans, America's Most Fortified City. The Quest, 1990 photo at Wikimedia Commons; destroyed in 2005 by Hurricane Katrina |
| United States | Charleston, South Carolina | Fort Johnson | ||
| United States | Key West, Florida | East tower is a museum; West tower converted to a botanical garden; both open to the public | ||
| United States | New York Harbor | Destroyed | ||
| United States | Portsmouth, New Hampshire | Walbach Tower | 1814 | Incorporated into Fort Constitution; ruined |
| United States | Tybee Island, Georgia | 1815 | It served as an office of the Georgia Telegraph and Telephone Company and finally as the post office for Fort Screven. In 1913, the building was damaged in a fire and it was finally dismantled the following year to clear the field of fire for the guns of Fort Screven. |
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